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Design Notes
Group Delay Optimization
This example demonstrates the use of output equations in setting up an optimization of a bandpass filter in which the group delay variation across the passband is minimized.
Overview
Three different methods of calculating the flatness are described:
1. Find the min and max group delay in a band, subtract to get delta between them.
2. Calculate a normalized group delay relative to the center frequency group delay.
3. Compute the derivative of the group delay with respect to frequency.
Though this example uses group delay, these methods can be used in the flatness optimization of any parameter (ie: gain vs. frequency, voltage vs. time, etc.) All of the calculations are described in the Output Equations window. If you bring up the tune window and tune on the circuit parameters, you can see how each flatness calculation responds differently.
Optimization
For the example, the optimization goals enabled are for the insertion loss, return loss and the group delay from the first method listed above. The other two methods for group delay optimization have optimization goals but they are disabled. You can see this from the Optimizer Goals section of the project manager. You can enable or disable any goals you want to see how the affect the optimization in this project.
Schematic - Bandpass
Graph - Method 2 Normalized Group Delay
Graph - S Parameters
Graph - Method 3 Group Delay Derivitive vs Freq
Graph - Method 1 Group Delay Min and Max